Conceptual framework for task shifting and task sharing: an international Delphi study

Abstract Background Task shifting and sharing (TS/S) involves the redistribution of health tasks within workforces communities. Conceptual frameworks lay out key factors, constructs, variables involved in a given phenomenon, as well relationships between those factors. Though TS/S is leading strategy to address worker shortages improve access services worldwide, conceptual framework for this approach lacking. Methods We used an online Delphi process engage international panel scholars with experience knowledge synthesis concerning develop TS/S. invited 55 prospective panelists participate series questionnaires exploring purpose characteristics contexts amenable programmes. Panelist responses were analysed integrated through iterative achieve consensus on elements included framework. Results The achieved concepts after three rounds among 15 panelists. COATS Framework (Concepts Opportunities Advance Shifting Sharing) offers refined definition general statement guide describes that opportunities system improvement arising from programmes depending implementation context, enumerates eight necessary conditions important considerations implementing Conclusion model comprehensive adaptable, can refinements policy, programme development, evaluation, research globally.